![]() ![]() Although for the most part avoiding each other, tigers are not always territorial and relationships between individuals can be complex. Females in oestrus will signal their availability by scent marking more frequently and increasing their vocalisations. Scent markings of this type allow an individual to pick up information on another's identity, sex and reproductive status. Females also use these "scrapes", urine and fecal markings. To identify his territory, the male marks trees by spraying urine, anal gland secretions, marking trails with feces and marking trees or the ground with their claws. Female cubs playing in Ranthambore Tiger Reserve Young males seeking to establish themselves thereby comprise the highest mortality rate (30–35% per year) amongst adult tigers. A young male acquires territory either by seeking out an area devoid of other male tigers, or by living as a transient in another male's territory until he is older and strong enough to challenge the resident male. Males, however, migrate further than their female counterparts and set out at a younger age to mark out their own area. The overlap between the female and her mother's territory reduces with time. Young female tigers establish their first territories close to their mother's. In Nepal, defended territories are recorded to be for males and for females. In India, home ranges appear to be while in Manchuria, they range from. The size of the home range mainly depends on prey abundance, geographic area and sex of the individual. ![]() Individuals sharing the same area are aware of each other's movements and activities. Resident adults of either sex generally confine their movements to their home ranges, within which they satisfy their needs and those of their growing cubs. They establish and maintain territories but have much wider home ranges within which they roam. Adult tigers lead largely solitary lives. None of them crossed open cultivated areas that were more than wide, but moved through forested habitat. Four females dispersed between, and 10 males between. Radio-collared tigers in Chitwan National Park started dispersing from their natal areas earliest at the age of 19 months. The tiger is a long-ranging species, and individuals disperse over distances of up to to reach tiger populations in other areas. During the 1980s, a tiger was observed frequently hunting prey through deep lake water in Ranthambhore National Park. Individuals can cross rivers up to wide and can swim up to in a day. It is a strong swimmer and often bathes in ponds, lakes and rivers, thus keeping cool in the heat of the day. It does not often climb trees but cases have been recorded. When not subject to human disturbance, the tiger is mainly diurnal. The tiger is the national animal of India, Bangladesh, Malaysia and South Korea. It featured prominently in the ancient mythology and folklore of cultures throughout its historic range and continues to be depicted in modern films and literature, appearing on many flags, coats of arms and as mascots for sporting teams. The tiger is among the most recognisable and popular of the world's charismatic megafauna. Tigers are also victims of human–wildlife conflict, due to encroachment in countries with a high human population density. Major reasons for population decline are habitat destruction, habitat fragmentation and poaching. India currently hosts the largest tiger population. As of 2015, the global wild tiger population was estimated to number between 3,062 and 3,948 mature individuals, with most populations living in small isolated pockets. The tiger is listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List. ![]() What remains of the range where tigers still roam free is fragmented, stretching in spots from Siberian temperate forests to subtropical and tropical forests on the Indian subcontinent, Indochina and a single Indonesian island, Sumatra. Since the early 20th century, tiger populations have lost at least 93% of their historic range and have been extirpated from Western and Central Asia, the islands of Java and Bali, and in large areas of Southeast and South Asia and China. It once ranged widely from the Eastern Anatolia Region in the west to the Amur River basin in the east, and in the south from the foothills of the Himalayas to Bali in the Sunda Islands. The tiger was first scientifically described in 1758. Tiger cubs stay with their mother for about two years and then become independent, leaving their mother's home range to establish their own. It is territorial and generally a solitary but social predator, requiring large contiguous areas of habitat to support its requirements for prey and rearing of its offspring. An apex predator, it primarily preys on ungulates, such as deer and wild boar. It is most recognisable for its dark vertical stripes on orange fur with a white underside. The tiger (Panthera tigris) is the largest living cat species and a member of the genus Panthera. ![]()
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